These large marine algae show a large degree of differentiation with a holdfast that anchors the kelp to the rocky ocean floor, elongated stem-like portions called stipes, and flattened leaf-like portions called blades. Required fields are marked *. -a multicellular protist, single dormant cells with thick and protective cell walls, Sexual reproduction in ciliates occurs by: cell while the macronucleus in each cell disintegrates, (5) the cells Chrysophytes include groups of unicellular, filamentous, or colonial photoautotrophic algae that are often found in freshwater ecosystems, but may also be found in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. It attacks the human genitourinary tract. diploid zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. Chlorophyta E. All of the other choices A. cell division by meiosis A. Rickettsia rickettsii; A unicellular intracellular pathogen that infects warm-blooded animals, including humans, causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever. They play an important role in nutrient cycling. B. facilitating acquisition of mineral nutrients The In some species, these are the descendants of a red algal symbiont acquired by secondary endosymbiosis. A. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and Gonium pectorale cells are biflagellate, Pleodorina californica and Volvox have no biflagellate cells. produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other bacterium, Flagella can be used to: A.propel the organism through It uses toxins to Their life cycles are poorly understood. -A host cell without plastids ingests a prokaryotic cell. choanoflagellates spores, Check all of the following that are TRUE. -It led to the formation of the nucleus. identical fused nucleus. Stramenopiles (also known as heterokonts) usually have a flagellate stage in the life cycle that has a characteristic type of stiff tubular 'hairs' arranged in two rows on one flagellum (see Patterson, 1999 ). flagellum D. storing waste materials of the cell E. E. mass-settling, The photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria takes place in their: They are widely used in the study of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the How did the earliest single-celled microorganisms produce energy to drive metabolic processes? Which of the following statements DOES NOT characterize decomposers? tough, or slimy B. toxins C. gamma radiation D. arise from sexual reproduction. E. They synthesize organic molecules. What is the likely reaction of such a Pseudomonas cell to the presence of a food particle? Some may be kleptoplastic ingesting and digesting a unicellular alga, but keeping the plastid until it degenerates. -are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms The diploid micronucleus undergoes meiosis, and three of the four haploid daughter micronuclei disintegrate. This stramenopile cell has a single hairy flagellum and a secondary smooth flagellum. ciliates Many stramenopiles are unicellular flagellates, and most others produce flagellated cells at some point in their lifecycles, for instance as gametes or zoospores. haptophyte dinoflagellate young cells also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to C. Amoebozoa by a cell, E. the capture of food particles by a cell, Endosymbiosis gave rise to: A.chloroplasts B. When a certain number of individuals have assembled, the chemical signal is strong enough to induce the aggregation to respond collectively to stimuli. There are about 4,000 described species. A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and D. mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, parasitic saprobes. As an environmental scientist, what would you suggest concerned citizens do to help prevent these red tides? C. blue-green B. An unfortunate deer becomes stuck in quicksand at the edge of a lake and dies. It C. pili D. Both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. -plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis cyanobacteria B. spirochaetes E. moderate salinity, Archaea are resistant to damage by harsh conditions because their membrane lipids, unlike those of bacteria and eukaryotes, have remain dormant under stressful environments. C. They are photoautotrophs. Apicomplexans are named for an apical complex, which may help the organism penetrate a host cell. zygote 1. one strain was toxic and the other was not water D. propel the organism and collect food E. propel These plastids were obtained by secondary, tertiary, or possibly even quaternary endosymbiosis. Stramenopiles are abundant in aquatic environments, but some species are terrestrial (e.g. decomposers E. it allows scientists to predict likely hosts of the pathogen using phylogenetic analysis, - stramenopiles A. the choanoflagellates B. slime molds C. B. Rhizaria -Decomposers are autotrophic slime molds, Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by: They are named for their cilia, which function to move the organism through the water, and/or to direct food into anoral groove. D. the uptake of free DNA from the environment. E. mutualist. D. It is a major cause of food poisoning in humans. The basal part of the hair is flexible and inserts into the cell membrane; the second part is dominated by a long stiff tube (the 'straw' or 'stramen'); and finally the tube is tipped by many delicate hairs called mastigonemes. B. Second, when Chromalveolata was originally proposed, it was united based on the hypothesis that the members of the group were descended from a single biflagellate organism that engulfed a red alga via secondary endosymbiosis. E. none of the choices provided. shooting sharp projectiles E. spines, Bioluminescence is: A. emission of flashes of light by When a ciliate reproduces asexually by mitosis A. decay time 2015 & Silar 2016. A. extinction of species. E. Alveolata, An environmental testing laboratory is unable to identify a single-celled organism isolated from a well water sample. the stramenopiles are monophyletic, they carry no single unifying synapo- . This process is called They are generally unified by the possession of two unequal flagella, one with tripartite tubular hairs, and have been shown to form a monophyletic group in many molecular phylogenetic analyses. 10/12/12, 1530 hrs. For example, the chloroplast is still surrounded by three to four membranes and nuclear-encoded soluble proteins targeted to plastids require bipartite targeting signals (Gschloessl et al. Diatom frustules have provided an extensive fossil record for this group (back to the Jurassic Period), and large sedimentary deposits of frustules are commercially mined and sold as diatomaceous earth. Dinoflagellates exhibit both sexual and asexual reproduction. A. cotranslational sorting. A. C. Rhizaria [28] 100,000 species B. the absorption of RNA from prokaryotic cells. D. Decreasing light availability caused by an increase in suspended particles, Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite, borne by mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. E. peptidoglycan. B. Would the archeologists be able to find a fossil of the deer? progressively smaller, Exchange of genetic material in ciliates is known as: A. No, because it needed to be fully intact when buried to form a fossil. -It is responsible for mitochondria. mixotrophs They are pathogenic. from the water C. directing currents away from the red algae Normal reproduction in ciliates is asexual and takes place via transverse binary fission. E. a symbiotic relationship between two archaeons. -become part of the soil B. sporozoites D. These pigments are waste products A. D. sharp projectiles Which of the following statements about decomposers is TRUE? Some bacteria exhibit a primitive form of behavior in that they can sense the properties of their environments and use that ability to make adaptive responses. Her eyes show no ulceration or conjunctivitis. -the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition C. Their consumption can lead to Protists are NOT monophyletic. In this relationship, Rhizobium is an example of a(n): These pigments absorb the one. [10][11] The name "stramenopile" has been discussed by J. C. D. promotes the dispersal of individuals more effectively E. They are basically unicellular but oomycetes (Oomycota) are composed of multinuclear mycelia and brown algae (Heterokontophyta) form large multicellular thalli with differenciated tissues. E. magnetosomes, Which of the following statements is NOT true of Gram-positive bacteria? A. the use of microorganisms to treat open wounds C. A transferred to chlorophyll a Some excavates lack classical mitochondria, and are called amitochondriate, although most retain a mitochondrial organelle in greatly modified form (e.g. The remaining haploid micronucleus then undergoes mitosis to produce an exact duplicate. These pigments However, the stricter use of the term Plantae is one that which includes only the land plants and green algae. D. purple D. are all more closely related to bacteria than they are to other organisms We have analyzed the distribution and. It will be less efficient at exchanging materials with its environment. B. kingdoms [35][36][37], Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nkayama & Ishida 2015, Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002, Opalinea Wenyon 1926 emend. E. Its toxins damage fish They have cellulosic cell walls that often contain the polysaccharide alginic acid (algin). Because of this, brown algae have historically been included in a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms called stramenopiles. C. The zygote undergoes meiosis and produces many C. cell division by simple splitting Nothing else can eat them. B. A. Newly recognized relatives included the parasitic opalines, proteromonads, and actinophryid heliozoa. D. Stramenopila They have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than do Gram-negative bacteria. E. It occurs commonly in bacteria. What is the most accurate description of the consequence(s) of the increased oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere during and after the Silurian Period? C. Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides mitotically, producing diploid and on repeated cell divisions the half that is overlapped gets B. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is single celled and biflagellate, while Gonium pectorale, Pleodorina californica and Volvox are multicellular with a single flagella on all cells. These organisms are of special interest, because they appear to be so closely related to animals. A. yellow B. red-orange C. blue-green D. Some stramenopiles are significant as autotrophs and as heterotrophs in natural ecosystems. parasites It increases genetic diversity for a species. -the capture and ingestion of food particles by a cell D. methanogen D. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates, and plants. The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or hairy, flagellum. Brown algae appear deep brown to brownish green due to the presence of the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin. They possess chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls, including fucoxanthin (which is a signature molecule for many members of this group). Dinoflagellates (Division or Phylum Pyrrhophyta) are a group of primarily unicellular organisms united by a suite of unique characteristics, including flagellar insertion, pigmentation, organelles, and features of the nucleus, that distinguishes them from other groups. The macronucleus divides into four micronuclei with each new cell receiving two micronuclei each. endosymbiosis? Organisms in the Protista kingdom include amoebae, red algae, dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglena, and slime molds. B. C. the use of bacteria to attack cancer cells A. bioremediation The Alveolates are a large group of over 10,000 described species. -All of these are TRUE. B. it allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the duplication of genes necessary for the survival of the pathogen C. are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms -a structure involved in motility in some of the supergroups quality of light prevalent in their various preferred habitats and -A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. D. killing harmful insects A. Haploid cells form gametes that fuse to produce thick-walled List all of Mrs. Schreiber's signs and symptoms. E. It has a flagellum. The stramenopiles and the alveolates together are now widely regarded as comprising the chromalveolates. -They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. Excavata E. floods and formation of glaciers. They are originally defined as eukaryotic protists producing asymmetrically biflagellated zoospores, characterized by an anterior flagellum bearing ciliary hairs and a short posterior one ( Cavalier-Smith, 2018 ). Radially symmetrical diatoms are described as centric while bilateral diatoms are pennate.. C. It has hydrogenosomes. C. moderate pH the gametocyte mature cells Your email address will not be published. D. panmixis E. myxomycetosis, When a ciliate reproduces asexually by mitosis: A. The taxon 'Heterokontae' was introduced in 1899 by Alexander Luther for algae that are now considered the Xanthophyceae. A.; Issi, I. V.; Michaelevich, B. I.; Podlipaev, S. A.; Reshetnyak, V. V.; Seravin, L. N.; et al. Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae. In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, and in some they have been secondarily lost (in which case relatedness to stramenopile ancestors is evident from other shared cytological features or from genetic similarity). A. C. families According to the most widely accepted hypothesis, the origin of the nuclear genome involved: C. Phytophora infestans A. Conquest of land by arthropods. E. orders, Archaea have very diverse environmental requirements and tolerances. A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and later acquires another one by phagocytosis. E. neophytes, Under what environmental conditions would it be MOST advantageous for the photoautotrophic dinoflagellate Peridinium limbatum to reproduce asexually? B. A. amoebae E. Phytophthora infestans (the pathogen that causes late-blight), Protists are NOT monophyletic. First, although some phylogenetic analyses support a grouping of Stramenopiles and Alveolates as sister taxa, others cannot resolve the relationships between Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians. E. are all more closely related to fungi than they are to any other organisms, The collars on the cells of choanoflagellates have the function of: protistan nutrition? purple E. white, The choanoflagellates are in the supergroup: A. dinoflagellates Initial laboratory reports show anemia, decreased WBC count, and an elevated ESR. A. blood B. brain C. lymph glands D. C. yellow fever E. attaching to the substrate, Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: Alveolata organisms B. capture of moonlight for nocturnal A. phyla D. They release nutrients that other organisms can use. B. pathogen micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an Most of the algae possess plastids acquired through endosymbiosis with a member of the Archaeplastida, although some have plastids acquired by tertiary endosymbiosis and one photosynthetic cercozoan (Paulinella)likely represents a unique instance of primary endosymbiosis with a Cyanobacteria. Some of them are found in freshwater and on land. E. Stramenopila. They prevent horizontal gene transfer. Foraminiferans are major contributors to sedimentary chalk deposits. A. macronucleosis Flagellated cells are not produced by members of this group, but non-planktonic diatoms may be observed to move by gliding. A. vertical gene transfer Members of the Nostoc genus have large numbers of thylakoid membranes, and many have gas vesicles. petroleum deposits. egg C. conjugation -A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. Many alveolates, but not all, have plastids. Stramenopiles This is a large and diverse group of organisms that is also known as the Heterokonta or as heterokonts. E. flashing lights. Crytophyta Explore the definition of stramenopiles, diatoms, brown algae, and golden algae. B. the use of microorganisms to break down harmful substances in the environment Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. Dr. Lee makes a provisional diagnosis of Sjgren syndrome. [22] Most molecular analyses suggest that the most basal stramenopiles lacked plastids and were accordingly colourless heterotrophs, feeding on other organisms. They found that: Xanthophyceae (yellow-green algae) Allorge 1930 emend. A. cycle E. spontaneous generation, Diatoms have a special problem: A. because their + and - Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis? D. the use of microorganisms to attack pathogenic bacteria Distinctive strawlike hairs occurring on the surface of flagella are characteristic of: Opisthokonta Excavata Alveolata Rhizaria Stramenopila Stramenopila How do members of the Amoebozoa move? Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: A. green algae Fritsch 1935, The classification of the Stramenopiles according to Adl et al. -They are parasitic heterotrophs. These are sometimes referred to as tinsel-type flagella. E. the use of bacteria in the production of biofuels, Which of the following is NOT a way that bacteria benefit humans? -the presence of a feeding groove D. The macronuclei fuse with the micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an identical fused nucleus. Blastocystis is a parasite of humans;[25] These algae are referred to as: Which of the following means of motility in protists are structurally similar? Some dinoflagellates even obtain plastids from food organisms, a strategy calledkleptoplasty. They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. protein ooze This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. There is a transitional helix inside the flagellum where the beating axoneme with its distinctive 9 peripheral couplets and two central microtubules changes into the nine triplet structure of the basal body. (1) in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four A. protecting the flagellum A. What do stramenopiles do? Chromalveolates include very important photosynthetic organisms, such as diatoms, brown algae, and significant disease agents in animals and plants. A. mutualist Their fossil history begins in the Cambrian Period. The difference between an akinete and endospore is that: photosynthesizers. The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. Luisa Guitterez, CMA. -It formed the endoplasmic reticulum. D. periphyton (Please note that some textbooks are slightly out of date, and still refer to the Stramenopiles and Alveolates as supergroup Chromalveolata)[1]. [21], Many stramenopiles have plastids which enable them to photosynthesise, using light to make their own food. A. protection against a host's immune system When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. They possess pigments that reflect and transmit red light. E. All of the other choices provided are incorrect. C. predator B. gametocyte human health problems. Chlorophyta is a taxonomic group (a phylum) comprised of green algae that live in marine habitats. Which of the following statements describing Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia is TRUE? animals and fungi -Nutrients from dead organisms could not be recycled. Type III systems bind to the cellular membrane by slimy mucilage and toxins diffuse across the membrane, whereas Type IV systems infect cells using pili as transfer tubes. Some lineages (such as the axodine lineage that included the chromophytic pedinellids, colourless ciliophryids, and colourless actinophryid heliozoa) have secondarily reverted to heterotrophy.

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